[34], After the Roman Republic completed its brief conquest of what is now Georgia in 66 BC, the area became a primary objective of what would eventually turn out to be over 700 years of protracted Irano-Roman geo-political rivalry and warfare. [314], The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping, though controversial, modernisation since 2004. The principality of Guria was abolished and incorporated into the Empire in 1829, while Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1858. [225], Because of its high landscape diversity and low latitude, Georgia is home to about 5,601 species of animals, including 648 species of vertebrates (more than 1% of the species found worldwide) and many of these species are endemics. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established with Nikolay Chkheidze acting as its president. [307][308] The Church gained autocephaly during the early Middle Ages; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country, restored in 1917 and fully recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1989. [92], Tensions between Georgia and Russia began escalating in April 2008. [11] As the Ottomans advanced into the Caucasian territories of the crumbling Russian Empire, Georgia declared independence on 26 May 1918. Georgia (country) - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to content Search Create account Create account Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more Talk Contributions Getting around Main page Simple start Simple talk New changes Show any page Help Contact us Give to Wikipedia About Wikipedia Tools What links here Related changes [245] Of factors contributing to HDI, education had the most positive influence[246] as Georgia ranks in the top quintile in terms of education. Georgia puts it all within reach, and there is no one Georgia experience. The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species. [118] In response to Russia's recognition, the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia. [270] Infrastructural development has also been high on the agenda for the railways, with the key Tbilisi railway junction expected to undergo major reorganization in the near future. [224] The main roads through the mountain range into Russian territory lead through the Roki Tunnel between Shida Kartli and North Ossetia and the Darial Gorge (in the Georgian region of Khevi). [232] According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are 4,300 species of vascular plants in Georgia. Despite the Soviet takeover, Zhordania was recognized as the legitimate head of the Georgian Government by France, UK, Belgium, and Poland through the 1930s. [241][242] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business,[243] and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world. State of Georgia government websites and email systems use georgia.gov or ga.gov at the end of the address. The Kingdom of Georgia reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries. Most countries consider the regions to be Georgian territory under Russian occupation. [175] On 13 December 2016, EU and Georgia reached the agreement on visa liberalization for Georgian citizens. [80] In August 1991, Romania became the first country to recognize Georgia. [120] Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are occupied Georgian territories. The Kartli line prevailed; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia (r. 888923) restored the indigenous royal authority dormant since 580. It was settled by people from England. Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century; before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. Saakashvili led the country from 2004 to 2013 but was later convicted in absentia on corruption charges and abuse of power, which he denied. Or, in front of a mural in Atlanta, or a bowl of shrimp and grits in Savannah. Its the Georgia you go out and live. [268] Positioned in the Caucasus and on the coast of the Black Sea, Georgia is a key country through which energy imports to the European Union from neighbouring Azerbaijan pass. 120 parliamentary seats were elected through proportional vote while 30 seats were elected through single mandate majoritarian constituencies. According to the 2014 census, Ethnic Georgians form about 86.8 per cent of the population, while the remainder includes ethnic groups such as Abkhazians, Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Jews, Kists, Ossetians, Russians, Ukrainians, Yezidis and others. Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New edition (31 December 2001), Thomas Stllner, Irina Gambaschidze (2014). Georgia's online vehicle registration and titling system. The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti. [225], At higher elevations above 1,000 metres (3,281ft) above sea level (particularly in the Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Khevi regions), pine and birch forests dominate. Local, state, and federal government websites often end in .gov. [236] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.79/10, ranking it 31st globally out of 172 countries.[237]. The country has sizeable hydropower resources. [52] Tamar was given the title "king of kings" (mepe mepeta). The common pheasant (also known as the Colchian Pheasant) is an endemic bird of Georgia which has been widely introduced throughout the rest of the world as an important game bird. [145] This led to a new political crisis that was (temporarily) resolved with an EU brokered agreement,[146] from which the Georgian Dream later withdrew. How you know Georgia Department of Public Health Search Menu Search this site Close Georgia Department of Public Health our mission prevent disease, injury & disability promote health & well-being prepare for & respond to disasters Public Health Topics Flu What you need to know Learn more It was a British colony, so the government of England sent soldiers to protect it from other countries. Georgian is the primary language of 87.7 per cent of the population, followed by 6.2 per cent speaking Azerbaijani, 3.9 per cent Armenian, 1.2 per cent Russian, and 1 per cent other languages. This period during the reigns of David IV (r. 10891125) and his great-granddaughter Tamar (r. 11841213) has been widely termed as Georgia's Golden Age or the Georgian Renaissance. [37] In 337 AD King Mirian III declared Christianity as the state religion, giving a great stimulus to the development of literature, arts, and ultimately playing a key role in the formation of the unified Georgian nation,[38][39] The acceptance led to the slow but sure decline of Zoroastrianism,[40] which until the 5th century AD, appeared to have become something like a second established religion in Iberia (eastern Georgia), and was widely practised there.[41]. [347] Counterfeiting problems stem from mislabelling by foreign producers and falsified Georgian Wine labels on wines produced outside of Georgia and imported into Russia under the auspices of being Georgian produced. Brian Kemp is done being underestimated. Located on the crossroads of protracted RomanPersian wars, the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. The colony's corporate charter was granted to [104] According to Georgian intelligence,[105] and several Russian media reports, parts of the regular (non-peacekeeping) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the Roki Tunnel before the Georgian military action. [174] In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2016. [14] At the early stage of its appearance in the Latin world, it was not always written in the same transliteration, and the first consonant was being spelt with J as Jorgia. [289][288] Other factors in the population decline include birth-death deficits for the period 19952010 and the exclusion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from the statistics. [133] Due to the incomplete transition to parliamentary democracy, a year of uneasy cohabitation between rivals Ivanishvili and Saakashvili followed until the October 2013 presidential elections. Those who disagreed were temporarily arrested. An official website of the State of Georgia. [201] Georgia has ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2005. Since February 2021, Irakli Gharibashvili has been the Prime Minister of Georgia. Supported by a powerful military lite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, and eastern Turkey as well as parts of northern Iran,[53] until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death in 1213.[54]. [249][250], As of 2001, 54 per cent of the population lived below the national poverty line but by 2006 poverty decreased to 34 per cent and by 2015 to 10.1 per cent. Georgian territory under central control in dark green; The country's name likely derives from Persian, Largest cities or towns in Georgia (country). [21] Ancient Greeks (Strabo, Herodotus, Plutarch, Homer, etc.) [88], The country's newly pro-Western stance, along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War,[89] resulted in a severe deterioration of relations with Russia, fuelled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas. [194], Prior to the Rose Revolution, Georgia was among the most corrupt countries in the world. History of Modern Georgia, David Marshal Lang, p 18. [180] STC Delta now produces a variety of military equipment, including armoured vehicles, artillery systems, aviation systems, personal protection equipment, and small arms. An official website of the State of Georgia. [117] Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August. Local, state, and federal government websites often end in .gov. Rustavi International Motorpark originally built in 1978 was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction[352] costing $20million. Georgia, Georgian Sakartvelo, country of Transcaucasia located at the eastern end of the Black Sea on the southern flanks of the main crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The United States established diplomatic relations with Georgia in 1992 following Georgias 1991 independence from the Soviet Union. One of the most famous late 19th/early 20th century Georgian artists was primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani. (1996). [93][96][97][98][99], On 7 August 2008, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili announced a unilateral ceasefire and called for peace talks. At present, the forest cover generally remains outside of the low-lying areas and is mainly located along the foothills and the mountains. Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country is "on the road to becoming a European democracy. [28][29] Archaeological finds and references in ancient sources also reveal elements of early political and state formations characterized by advanced metallurgy and goldsmith techniques that date back to the 7th century BC and beyond. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology", Ethnic tensions: War in the Caucasus is Stalin's legacy, "Georgian World War II hero's remains return home". [309], The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of 2002, although religious institutions are separate from the state. The country then became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until nearly 1994. Companies in Georgia don't just grow, they change the landscape. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found outside Georgia: Bachkovo Monastery in Bulgaria (built in 1083 by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani), Iviron monastery in Greece (built by Georgians in the 10th century), and the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem (built by Georgians in the 9th century). Georgia is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina; to the northeast by South Carolina; to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean; to the south by Florida; and to the west by Alabama. The head of supra is known as tamada. Since 2004 the Georgian Railways have been undergoing a rolling programme of fleet-renewal and managerial restructuring which is aimed at making the service provided more efficient and comfortable for passengers. It was settled by people from England. Throughout the remainder of the Soviet period, Georgia's economy continued to grow and experience significant improvement, though it increasingly exhibited blatant corruption and alienation of the government from the people. Among other things a flat income tax was introduced in 2004. Notice of Intent to Amend Rule 480-10-.01. [138], In October 2016, the ruling party Georgian Dream won the parliamentary elections with 48.61 percent of the vote while the opposition United National Movement (UNM) gained 27.04 percent of the vote. 1000 of all 4000 higher plants of Georgia are endemic to this country. [86] The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze, former members and leaders of Shevardnadze's ruling party. [190][191] A new force was then subsequently built around new recruits. Georgia (country) Coordinates: 4200N 4330E Georgia ( Georgian: , romanized: Sakartvelo; IPA: [skrtvl] ( listen)) is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. [328] Georgian culture was influenced by Classical Greece, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the various Iranian empires (notably the Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanian, Safavid, and Qajar empires),[329][330][331][332] and later, from the 19th century, by the Russian Empire. The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,068 metres (16,627ft), and the second highest is Mount Janga (DzhangiTau) at 5,059m (16,598ft) above sea level. Companies in Georgia don't just grow, they change the landscape. Start with DRIVES Georgia Tax Center The one-stop shop for electronic filing and paying taxes. Its root, kartvel-i (-), specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of Kartli, or Iberia as it is known in sources of the Eastern Roman Empire. It was not until around 2010 that parts of the system became reliable again. [182] Georgia also participated in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan; with 1,560 troops in 2013, it was at that time the largest contributor among non-NATO countries[183] and in per capita terms. The Upper Svaneti fortifications, and the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti, are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castle architecture. In August 2004, the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was submitted officially to NATO. Georgia puts it all within reach, and there is no one Georgia experience. During the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia, such as Colchis and Iberia. In 2007, Georgia's real GDP growth rate reached 12 per cent, making Georgia one of the fastest-growing economies in Eastern Europe. [290] Initially the out-migration was driven by non-Georgian ethnicities but increasing numbers of Georgians emigrated as well,[291] due to the war, the crisis-ridden 1990s, and the subsequent bad economic outlook. [27] The earliest evidence of wine to date has been found in Georgia, where 8,000-year old wine jars were uncovered. Having vanquished both a Donald Trump-backed Republican challenger and Democratic star Stacey Abrams to win reelection, Kemp is looking to expand his influence in his second term, free from the caricature of the gun-toting, pickup-driving, migrant-catching country boy that emerged during his first campaign for governor. Georgia had five players in the NBA: Vladimir Stepania, Jake Tsakalidis, Nikoloz Tskitishvili, Tornike Shengelia and current Golden State Warriors centre Zaza Pachulia. A University of Georgia football player and team staff member were killed in a car crash early Sunday morning after the team's national championship victory celebration. With the support of the UNFPA, the demographic data for the period 19942014 has been retro-projected. Since 1991, Georgia has made impressive progress fighting corruption, developing modern state institutions, and enhancing global security. [222][223] The country lies between latitudes 41 and 44 N, and longitudes 40 and 47 E, with an area of 67,900km2 (26,216sqmi). [125] Saakashvili's rivals, who came to power later in 2012, never truly accepted the move to Kutaisi and six years later Parliament returned to its old location in Tbilisi after adapting the constitutional clause. Georgia (country) Coordinates: 4200N 4330E Georgia ( Georgian: , romanized: Sakartvelo; IPA: [skrtvl] ( listen)) is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Despite these increasingly difficult relations, in May 2005 Georgia and Russia reached a bilateral agreement[90] by which Russian military bases (dating back to the Soviet era) in Batumi and Akhalkalaki were withdrawn. Or, in front of a mural in Atlanta, or a bowl of shrimp and grits in Savannah. Of them, an estimated 350,000 were killed. [210] In response to lawsuits from civil society organizations, in 2018 the Constitutional Court of Georgia ruled that "consumption of marijuana is an action protected by the right to free personality"[211] and that "[Marijuana] can only harm the user's health, making that user him/herself responsible for the outcome. [334] The Georgian language is written in three unique scripts which, according to traditional accounts, were invented by King Pharnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC. [351], The first and only race circuit in the Caucasian region is located in Georgia. The Georgia Board of Pharmacy will hold a public hearing on proposed amendments to the rules attached below at its meeting on Wednesday, November 16, 2022 at 9:00 AM at the Department of Community Health at 2 Peachtree Street NW, 6th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30303. [346] Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti (further divided into the micro-regions of Telavi and Kvareli), Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia. [214], Georgia contains two official autonomous regions, of which one has declared independence. Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. [217], In both Abkhazia and South Ossetia large numbers of people had been given Russian passports, some through a process of forced passportization by Russian authorities. [339], Georgia has an ancient musical tradition, which is primarily known for its early development of polyphony. A period of unrest ensued, which ended as Abkhazia and eastern Georgian states were unified under a single Georgian monarchy, ruled by King Bagrat III of Georgia (r. 9751014), due largely to the diplomacy and conquests of his energetic foster-father David III of Tao (r. 9661001). [citation needed] The media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the South Caucasus,[338] despite the long-term politicization and polarisation affecting the sector. The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern colonies in British America.It was the last of the thirteen original American colonies established by Great Britain in what later became the United States. [213], Georgia is administratively divided into 9 regions, 1 capital region, and 2 autonomous republics. [166] The majority of Georgians and politicians in Georgia support the push for NATO membership. [254] Since 2014, unemployment has been gradually decreasing each year but remained in double digits and worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. [15] Georgia probably stems from the Persian designation of the Georgians gurn, in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted via Syriac gurz-n/gurz-iyn and Arabic uran/urzan. [334], Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. Located along the banks of Kura River, Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia. [71], From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars now against Ottoman Turkey, several of Georgia's previously lost territories such as Adjara were recovered, and also incorporated into the empire. Lake Paliastomi area). ATLANTA (AP) Georgia Gov. [178], Georgia's military is organized into land and air forces. Georgia is the 24th-largest state in area and 8th most populous of the 50 United States. [258] Georgia was ranked 63rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 48th in 2019. "[171], George W. Bush became the first sitting US president to visit the country. [31] In 2013, UNESCO added the ancient traditional Georgian winemaking method using the Kvevri clay jars to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[31][32]. Georgia is the 24th-largest state in area and 8th most populous of the 50 United States. [169], In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia. [190] The US State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity. [348] Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education; the Romans were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia. [350], Within Georgia, one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style. [188][189], In Georgia, law enforcement is conducted and provided for by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. The present day Georgian or Kartvelian nation is thought to have resulted from the fusion of aboriginal, autochthonous inhabitants with immigrants who moved into South Caucasus from the direction of Anatolia in remote antiquity. South Ossetia is officially known by Georgia as the Tskinvali region, as it views "South Ossetia" as implying political bonds with Russian North Ossetia. ["Flora of Spore Producing Plants of Georgia (Summary)"]. There is also a certified specialist's programme that represents a single-level higher education programme lasting from three to six years. Visit GTC Register a New Business Starting a new business in Georgia? [318], Most of these institutions offer three levels of study: a bachelor's programme (three to four years); a master's programme (two years), and a doctoral programme (three years). [33] In the 4th century BC, a kingdom of Iberia an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy was established. This period also brought social and economic change to Georgia, with new social classes emerging: the emancipation of the serfs freed many peasants but did little to alleviate their poverty; the growth of capitalism created an urban working class in Georgia. Georgia national basketball team qualified to EuroBasket during the last three tournaments since 2011. [278], The population of Georgia totalled 3,688,647 as of 2022,[279][c] a decrease from a figure of 3,713,804 of the previous census in October 2014. These artillery attacks immediately caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically. The country plans to host 11 million visitors by 2025 with annual revenues reaching US$6.6 billion. [citation needed] The overall region can be characterized as being made up of various, interconnected mountain ranges (largely of volcanic origin) and plateaus that do not exceed 3,400 metres (11,155ft) in elevation. The posted speed limit in the area is 40 mph, but police did not say how fast the SUV may have been going when it crashed at 2:45 a.m. Sunday. This came under criticism from human rights activists[209] and led to protests. The Georgia Department of Driver Services serves the public by offering commercial and regular passenger vehicle drivers licenses, driver's permits, and state identification cards. [244] As of 2021, it ranked 12th in the world for economic freedom. This method of cultivation is called maglari. Georgian Jews trace the history of their community to the 6th century BC; their numbers have dwindled in the last decades due to high levels of immigration to Israel. The first exhibition of products made by STC Delta was in 1999. Salome Zurabishvili is the current President of Georgia after winning 59.52% of the vote in the 2018 Georgian presidential election. [274] There are a number of seaports along Georgia's Black Sea coast, the largest and most busy of which is the Port of Batumi; whilst the town is itself a seaside resort, the port is a major cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighbouring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe. [114] In an interview published in Kommersant, South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity said he would not allow Georgians to return. [247], Since coming to power the Saakashvili administration accomplished a series of reforms aimed at improving tax collection. [228] A number of large carnivores live in the forests, namely Brown bears, wolves, lynxes and Caucasian Leopards. In response,[95] several South Ossetian militiamen were killed by snipers. Other prominent peaks include Mount Kazbek at 5,047m (16,558ft), Shota Rustaveli 4,860m (15,945ft), Tetnuldi 4,858m (15,938ft), Ushba 4,700m (15,420ft), and Ailama 4,547m (14,918ft). Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Contents 1 Places 1.1 Historical states and entities 1.2 Other places 1.2.1 Canada 1.2.2 United Kingdom 1.2.3 United States 2 People 3 Media and entertainment 3.1 Film and television 3.2 Albums [177], Georgia applied for EU membership on 3 March 2022, soon after the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [79] Georgia was the first non-Baltic republic of the Soviet Union to officially declare independence. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, of whom 30 are elected by plurality to represent single-member districts, and 120 are chosen to represent parties by proportional representation. [b][10] Tbilisi is its capital as well as its largest city, home to roughly a third of the Georgian population. [252] 2015 calculations place Georgia's nominal GDP at US$13.98billion. Tourist attractions include more than 2,000 mineral springs, over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments, four of which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi and Gelati Monastery, historical monuments of Mtskheta, and Upper Svaneti). [44][45] The most prosperous period of the Abkhazian kingdom was between 850 and 950. [281][e] Most of them were deported during World War II.[284]. [139] Most of Georgian Dream's coalition parties had left the coalition and landed outside of parliament. Georgia is a representative democratic parliamentary republic, with the President as the largely ceremonial[124] head of state, and Prime Minister as the head of government. Located along the banks of Kura River, Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia. [295] On the other hand, at least 160,000 Georgians left Abkhazia after the break-out of hostilities in 1993. Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004. It is the chief cultural, educational, industrial and economic center of Georgia. As with all other post-Soviet states, Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. However, subsequent Iranian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. According to United Nations data, this totalled 625,000 by 2000, declining to 450,000 by 2019. Western Georgia's forests consist mainly of deciduous trees below 600 metres (1,969ft) above sea level and contain species such as oak, hornbeam, beech, elm, ash, and chestnut. [317] The school system is divided into elementary (six years; ages 612), basic (three years; ages 1215), and secondary (three years; ages 1518), or alternatively vocational studies (two years). The sons and grandsons of Ashot I established three separate branches, frequently struggling with each other and with neighbouring rulers. For example, the Khevsureti region of Georgia has three styles of wrestling. The mission and functions of the GDF are based on the Constitution of Georgia, Georgia's Law on Defense and National Military Strategy, and international agreements to which Georgia is signatory. The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis. [229] The Rioni River may contain a breeding population of the critically endangered bastard sturgeon. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on an immediate course towards Caucasian oil fields and munitions factories. [57] Eastern Georgia (Safavid Georgia), composed of the regions of Kartli and Kakheti, had been under Iranian suzerainty since 1555 following the Peace of Amasya signed with neighbouring rivalling Ottoman Turkey. 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